The Nevada Broadcast of Earthquakes

Nevada N The Nevada Broadcast of Earthquakes is an experimental earthquake warning and response system.
NBE is a project of the Nevada Seismological Laboratory at the University of Nevada, Reno.

The NBE provides a similar facility to the USGS Calif./Nev. quake maps, but tailored to a Nevada audience. At present the NBE only reports earthquakes having magnitudes of 1.2 and above. Earthquakes below magnitude 4.5 are only reported by the NBE in Nevada and certain adjacent parts of eastern California and northwestern Arizona.

Please call (775) 784-4975 to verify any event reported here. Disclaimers...

Test out the Nevada ShakeMaps, or the NBE search page.

[ Report an Earthquake | Contact Us ]
NBE in tabular form, larger magnitudes at the end

Event origin times are now given in Pacific Time, not UTC. Below each entry is the distance from the nearest city or town. Each of those lines links to a Google Maps view centered on the event's epicenter, but the location is not marked.
Get involved in our research- take a survey, host a seismic recorder, show us your quake video...

Entries shown as "Prelim" below are PRELIMINARY and have NOT BEEN HUMAN REVIEWED


   date    Pacific Time       LAT.       LON.      DEP   Local No.
           hr mn sc         (deg.)     (deg.)      km     MAG. pha Comment   EVID
---------- -- -- ------     --------  ---------  -----   ----- --  -------   -----
2010/07/02 02:16:57.396 PDT 37.285 N  116.399 W    8.0    1.2  14   Prelim  313264
    Magnitude 1.2, 5.0 miles deep, 32.6 miles northeast of Beatty
2010/06/30 15:27:32.525 PDT 38.341 N  118.148 W   10.7    2.5  21   Update  313211
    Magnitude 2.5, 6.6 miles deep, 2.7 miles west-southwest of Mina
2010/06/30 01:56:58.887 PDT 39.418 N  119.917 W   10.5    2.3  29   Update  313186
    Magnitude 2.3, 6.5 miles deep, 6.7 miles south of Mogul
2010/06/29 23:33:28.674 PDT 36.993 N  118.237 W    1.4    1.9  24   Update  313179
    Magnitude 1.9, 0.9 miles deep, 12.9 miles north of Independence
2010/06/29 20:38:28.943 PDT 39.568 N  120.314 W   12.6    2.3  25   Update  313176
    Magnitude 2.3, 7.8 miles deep, 17.0 miles north-northwest of Truckee
2010/06/29 11:35:25.577 PDT 36.719 N  116.136 W    0.0    1.2  16   Prelim  313168
    Magnitude 1.2, 0.0 miles deep, 15.4 miles east-northeast of Amargosa_Valley
2010/06/29 11:21:43.334 PDT 36.616 N  115.088 W    8.0    1.6  12   Prelim  313167
    Magnitude 1.6, 5.0 miles deep, 26.3 miles west of Moapa
2010/06/29 10:23:44.602 PDT 38.359 N  118.139 W    8.9    1.4  20   Update  313163
    Magnitude 1.4, 5.5 miles deep, 2.1 miles west-northwest of Mina
2010/06/29 07:28:08.014 PDT 37.693 N  119.232 W    0.0    1.5  21   Prelim  313156
    Magnitude 1.5, 0.0 miles deep, 14.5 miles west-northwest of Mammoth_Lakes
2010/06/29 05:28:15.910 PDT 39.123 N  118.245 W    0.0    1.6  15   Prelim  313152
    Magnitude 1.6, 0.0 miles deep, 25.1 miles northwest of Gabbs
2010/06/29 03:49:38.250 PDT 37.652 N  119.307 W    0.0    1.7  24   Prelim  313147
    Magnitude 1.7, 0.0 miles deep, 15.8 miles east-southeast of Yosemite
2010/06/28 15:46:09.039 PDT 36.126 N  114.784 W    4.0    1.6  14   Prelim  313126
    Magnitude 1.6, 2.5 miles deep, 10.4 miles north-northeast of Boulder_City
2010/06/28 13:12:53.778 PDT 37.442 N  115.207 W   16.0    1.3   8   Prelim  313122
    Magnitude 1.3, 9.9 miles deep, 10.9 miles south of Hiko
2010/06/28 12:21:03.810 PDT 36.746 N  115.459 W    0.0    1.7  18   Prelim  313118
    Magnitude 1.7, 0.0 miles deep, 44.9 miles north-northwest of LAS_VEGAS
2010/06/28 11:41:03.095 PDT 36.239 N  115.253 W    0.0    1.4  15   Prelim  313115
    Magnitude 1.4, 0.0 miles deep, 8.7 miles northwest of LAS_VEGAS
2010/06/28 07:36:55.937 PDT 39.880 N  120.497 W   16.0    1.5  11   Prelim  313108
    Magnitude 1.5, 9.9 miles deep, 23.9 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/28 01:14:13.600 PDT 38.180 N  118.218 W    0.0    1.8  33   Prelim  313087
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 13.4 miles south-southwest of Mina
2010/06/27 09:36:49.160 PDT 37.477 N  118.621 W    0.0    1.7  29   Prelim  313070
    Magnitude 1.7, 0.0 miles deep, 16.1 miles northwest of Bishop
2010/06/27 05:11:39.612 PDT 37.019 N  115.148 W    4.0    1.5   8   Prelim  313065
    Magnitude 1.5, 2.5 miles deep, 37.9 miles northwest of Moapa
2010/06/26 11:44:02.843 PDT 37.179 N  115.590 W    3.1    1.9  13   Update  313047
    Magnitude 1.9, 1.9 miles deep, 35.4 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/26 09:32:16.908 PDT 38.260 N  117.860 W    2.0    1.7  26   Prelim  313044
    Magnitude 1.7, 1.2 miles deep, 14.5 miles east-southeast of Mina
2010/06/25 10:37:12.190 PDT 36.569 N  114.815 W    0.0    1.8  15   Prelim  313019
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 12.9 miles west-southwest of Moapa
2010/06/25 03:31:48.960 PDT 36.210 N  114.905 W    0.0    1.7   8   Prelim  313012
    Magnitude 1.7, 0.0 miles deep, 12.7 miles north-northeast of Henderson
2010/06/24 17:33:19.301 PDT 36.222 N  115.353 W    4.0    1.4  12   Prelim  313004
    Magnitude 1.4, 2.5 miles deep, 12.6 miles west-northwest of LAS_VEGAS
2010/06/24 13:18:50.699 PDT 36.229 N  115.676 W    0.0    1.4  12   Prelim  312993
    Magnitude 1.4, 0.0 miles deep, 17.3 miles east of Pahrump
2010/06/24 12:16:53.627 PDT 36.060 N  115.309 W    0.0    1.4   8   Prelim  312991
    Magnitude 1.4, 0.0 miles deep, 10.7 miles west-southwest of LAS_VEGAS
2010/06/24 09:48:24.368 PDT 37.458 N  117.516 W    7.7    1.4  21   Update  312984
    Magnitude 1.4, 4.8 miles deep, 21.6 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/23 08:25:03.364 PDT 37.518 N  118.419 W    0.0    1.8  33   Prelim  312935
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 13.2 miles north of Bishop
2010/06/22 22:13:20.465 PDT 39.100 N  118.605 W    9.8    2.2  14   Update  312924
    Magnitude 2.2, 6.1 miles deep, 26.3 miles south-southeast of Fallon
2010/06/22 21:46:16.583 PDT 39.097 N  118.607 W    9.0    2.1  15   Update  312923
    Magnitude 2.1, 5.6 miles deep, 26.4 miles south-southeast of Fallon
2010/06/22 21:31:32.225 PDT 39.493 N  119.427 W   14.5    2.1  21   Update  312922
    Magnitude 2.1, 9.0 miles deep, 12.4 miles southwest of Fernley
2010/06/22 18:49:24.188 PDT 37.455 N  117.520 W    8.6    1.2  20   Update  312918
    Magnitude 1.2, 5.3 miles deep, 21.9 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/22 17:44:21.059 PDT 39.881 N  120.471 W    8.0    1.6  17   Prelim  312915
    Magnitude 1.6, 5.0 miles deep, 25.2 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/22 09:03:37.143 PDT 37.589 N  116.063 W    0.0    1.3  11   Update  312879
    Magnitude 1.3, 0.0 miles deep, 42.6 miles south-southeast of Warm_Springs
2010/06/22 07:20:02.204 PDT 37.201 N  115.322 W   19.4    1.2   6   Update  312874
    Magnitude 1.2, 12.0 miles deep, 28.0 miles south-southwest of Hiko
2010/06/22 02:53:33.594 PDT 39.417 N  119.920 W    9.1    1.5  31   Update  312870
    Magnitude 1.5, 5.7 miles deep, 6.8 miles south of Mogul
2010/06/21 21:50:14.967 PDT 37.453 N  117.523 W    8.2    1.6  23   Update  312865
    Magnitude 1.6, 5.1 miles deep, 22.1 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/20 07:10:57.608 PDT 37.263 N  117.508 W    9.7    1.8  20   Update  312808
    Magnitude 1.8, 6.0 miles deep, 32.4 miles south-southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/19 22:42:03.946 PDT 39.246 N  118.074 W    2.1    2.2   5   Update  312800
    Magnitude 2.2, 1.3 miles deep, 27.4 miles north-northwest of Gabbs
2010/06/19 14:39:44.935 PDT 37.988 N  118.648 W   10.1    1.5  17   Update  312796
    Magnitude 1.5, 6.3 miles deep, 29.3 miles northeast of Mammoth_Lakes
2010/06/18 18:43:15.495 PDT 37.452 N  117.515 W    6.3    1.5  13   Update  312778
    Magnitude 1.5, 3.9 miles deep, 21.9 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/18 12:16:53.604 PDT 37.307 N  115.659 W    0.0    1.8  11   Update  312762
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 31.3 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/18 04:06:32.691 PDT 37.287 N  115.647 W    0.0    1.8  12   Update  312744
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 31.8 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/18 03:20:32.011 PDT 37.388 N  117.129 W   10.0    1.4  20   Update  312743
    Magnitude 1.4, 6.2 miles deep, 21.0 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/17 12:08:27.553 PDT 37.431 N  118.583 W   12.8    1.6  18   Update  312727
    Magnitude 1.6, 7.9 miles deep, 12.5 miles northwest of Bishop
2010/06/17 03:16:10.775 PDT 37.295 N  115.651 W    0.0    2.4  18   Update  312708
    Magnitude 2.4, 0.0 miles deep, 31.6 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/17 03:12:11.452 PDT 37.286 N  115.654 W    0.0    1.4  11   Update  312707
    Magnitude 1.4, 0.0 miles deep, 32.1 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/16 21:09:07.769 PDT 37.780 N  117.890 W    7.6    1.7  17   Update  312699
    Magnitude 1.7, 4.7 miles deep, 36.3 miles west of Goldfield
2010/06/16 14:39:45.000 PDT 37.296 N  115.657 W    0.0    1.8  13   Update  312673
    Magnitude 1.8, 0.0 miles deep, 31.8 miles southwest of Hiko
2010/06/15 13:38:27.227 PDT 36.684 N  116.662 W    4.0    1.5  24   Update  312613
    Magnitude 1.5, 2.5 miles deep, 14.8 miles west of Amargosa_Valley
2010/06/15 12:28:06.093 PDT 37.443 N  117.529 W   14.1    1.2  12   Update  312612
    Magnitude 1.2, 8.8 miles deep, 22.8 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/15 12:27:27.723 PDT 37.437 N  117.533 W   15.0    1.7  13   Update  312609
    Magnitude 1.7, 9.3 miles deep, 23.3 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/15 02:05:00.187 PDT 39.958 N  118.859 W    4.2    1.2   8   Update  312573
    Magnitude 1.2, 2.6 miles deep, 24.7 miles southwest of Lovelock
2010/06/15 00:37:45.777 PDT 37.455 N  117.518 W    4.0    1.3  14   Update  312562
    Magnitude 1.3, 2.5 miles deep, 21.8 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/14 19:07:13.622 PDT 38.462 N  119.418 W    3.1    1.8  17   Update  312538
    Magnitude 1.8, 1.9 miles deep, 16.8 miles northwest of Bridgeport
2010/06/14 15:53:57.707 PDT 38.746 N  119.598 W    8.6    1.6  18   Update  312532
    Magnitude 1.6, 5.3 miles deep, 11.0 miles east-northeast of Markleeville
2010/06/13 22:16:36.033 PDT 36.078 N  114.883 W    3.5    1.4   5   Update  312514
    Magnitude 1.4, 2.2 miles deep, 6.3 miles east-northeast of Henderson
2010/06/13 11:04:31.167 PDT 39.058 N  115.599 W    0.0    3.5   8   Update  312475
    Magnitude 3.5, 0.0 miles deep, 34.2 miles southeast of Eureka
2010/06/13 00:24:56.928 PDT 37.288 N  117.747 W    3.6    1.6  13   Update  312457
    Magnitude 1.6, 2.2 miles deep, 35.7 miles east of Bishop
2010/06/12 21:23:03.688 PDT 39.881 N  120.471 W    9.1    1.9  18   Update  312453
    Magnitude 1.9, 5.7 miles deep, 25.2 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/12 20:26:35.118 PDT 37.474 N  117.513 W    0.0    1.2  10   Update  312451
    Magnitude 1.2, 0.0 miles deep, 20.7 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 16:46:18.401 PDT 37.446 N  117.525 W    8.3    1.5  15   Update  312446
    Magnitude 1.5, 5.2 miles deep, 22.5 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 13:39:55.955 PDT 37.460 N  117.522 W    4.3    1.9  13   Update  312438
    Magnitude 1.9, 2.7 miles deep, 21.7 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 13:11:25.120 PDT 37.446 N  117.528 W    4.5    1.8  16   Update  312436
    Magnitude 1.8, 2.8 miles deep, 22.7 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 10:23:46.890 PDT 37.447 N  117.529 W    5.7    1.8  13   Update  312429
    Magnitude 1.8, 3.5 miles deep, 22.6 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 09:51:15.967 PDT 37.450 N  117.522 W    5.4    1.9  17   Update  312427
    Magnitude 1.9, 3.4 miles deep, 22.2 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 09:13:18.936 PDT 37.455 N  117.515 W   10.1    2.2  21   Update  312425
    Magnitude 2.2, 6.3 miles deep, 21.7 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 09:11:35.213 PDT 37.461 N  117.517 W    0.0    1.9  18   Update  312424
    Magnitude 1.9, 0.0 miles deep, 21.5 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 09:06:54.237 PDT 37.442 N  117.529 W   12.4    1.5  11   Update  312422
    Magnitude 1.5, 7.7 miles deep, 22.9 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 08:45:06.114 PDT 37.459 N  117.516 W    0.0    1.5  11   Update  312419
    Magnitude 1.5, 0.0 miles deep, 21.6 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 08:43:27.308 PDT 37.460 N  117.518 W    4.0    1.7  20   Update  312418
    Magnitude 1.7, 2.5 miles deep, 21.6 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 08:40:19.602 PDT 37.450 N  117.519 W    9.2    1.5  19   Update  312416
    Magnitude 1.5, 5.7 miles deep, 22.1 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/12 08:29:25.425 PDT 37.451 N  117.521 W    5.2    4.3  17   Update  312414
    Magnitude 4.3, 3.2 miles deep, 22.1 miles southwest of Goldfield
2010/06/10 14:59:17.919 PDT 38.794 N  119.641 W   11.3    1.5  22   Update  312335
    Magnitude 1.5, 7.0 miles deep, 10.8 miles northeast of Markleeville
2010/06/10 11:22:45.509 PDT 37.554 N  116.711 W    6.0    2.0  16   Update  312326
    Magnitude 2.0, 3.7 miles deep, 30.1 miles east-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/09 19:24:06.171 PDT 36.675 N  116.313 W    9.7    1.4  24   Update  312299
    Magnitude 1.4, 6.0 miles deep, 5.2 miles east-northeast of Amargosa_Valley
2010/06/09 13:44:49.989 PDT 39.881 N  120.481 W    8.9    2.0  16   Update  312284
    Magnitude 2.0, 5.5 miles deep, 24.7 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/09 06:42:53.001 PDT 36.515 N  117.500 W    7.1    1.3  19   Update  312250
    Magnitude 1.3, 4.4 miles deep, 31.9 miles east-southeast of Lone_Pine
2010/06/08 08:48:13.717 PDT 39.632 N  120.407 W   15.9    1.9  26   Update  312192
    Magnitude 1.9, 9.9 miles deep, 23.0 miles north-northwest of Truckee
2010/06/08 01:28:33.621 PDT 37.908 N  117.568 W   10.3    3.1  26   Update  312171
    Magnitude 3.1, 6.4 miles deep, 21.0 miles west-southwest of Tonopah
2010/06/07 11:08:35.164 PDT 37.350 N  117.130 W    5.5    1.4  12   Update  312362
    Magnitude 1.4, 3.4 miles deep, 23.5 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/07 09:39:17.975 PDT 37.474 N  117.154 W   16.0    1.3   9   Prelim  312108
    Magnitude 1.3, 9.9 miles deep, 15.0 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/07 09:07:20.002 PDT 37.377 N  117.120 W    7.0    1.2  18   Update  312094
    Magnitude 1.2, 4.3 miles deep, 21.9 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/07 08:40:12.639 PDT 37.380 N  117.121 W    6.0    1.3  17   Update  312092
    Magnitude 1.3, 3.7 miles deep, 21.7 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/07 08:03:55.402 PDT 37.392 N  117.129 W   10.9    2.2  22   Update  312090
    Magnitude 2.2, 6.8 miles deep, 20.8 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/07 07:29:11.520 PDT 37.369 N  117.116 W    5.9    1.7  26   Update  312084
    Magnitude 1.7, 3.7 miles deep, 22.5 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/06 14:44:19.255 PDT 38.181 N  117.040 W    3.2    1.5   7   Update  312068
    Magnitude 1.5, 2.0 miles deep, 13.7 miles northeast of Tonopah
2010/06/06 07:14:30.149 PDT 37.307 N  117.099 W    5.6    1.3  21   Update  312055
    Magnitude 1.3, 3.5 miles deep, 26.9 miles south-southeast of Goldfield
2010/06/04 17:04:45.792 PDT 37.809 N  118.975 W    4.1    1.2  19   Update  312008
    Magnitude 1.2, 2.5 miles deep, 11.0 miles north of Mammoth_Lakes
2010/06/04 09:56:57.974 PDT 39.885 N  120.479 W    9.4    1.7  22   Update  311962
    Magnitude 1.7, 5.8 miles deep, 24.8 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/04 09:50:58.522 PDT 39.883 N  120.480 W    9.0    1.5  18   Update  311961
    Magnitude 1.5, 5.6 miles deep, 24.7 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/04 08:56:27.288 PDT 39.879 N  120.481 W    9.4    3.3  27   Update  311957
    Magnitude 3.3, 5.8 miles deep, 24.7 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/03 14:11:17.825 PDT 39.879 N  120.481 W    9.3    2.5  24   Update  311912
    Magnitude 2.5, 5.8 miles deep, 24.7 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/03 07:58:26.875 PDT 36.660 N  116.321 W   10.9    2.0  32   Update  311868
    Magnitude 2.0, 6.8 miles deep, 4.5 miles east-northeast of Amargosa_Valley
2010/06/02 22:58:11.095 PDT 39.876 N  120.478 W    9.2    2.5  26   Update  311841
    Magnitude 2.5, 5.7 miles deep, 24.9 miles east of Quincy
2010/06/02 05:27:11.434 PDT 37.822 N  118.985 W    4.5    2.4  22   Update  311792
    Magnitude 2.4, 2.8 miles deep, 11.9 miles north of Mammoth_Lakes
2010/06/01 00:30:05.263 PDT 39.671 N  119.900 W    6.3    1.6  29   Update  311707
    Magnitude 1.6, 3.9 miles deep, 10.9 miles north of Mogul
2010/05/30 04:40:10.106 PDT 39.570 N  119.216 W    7.9    1.5  18   Update  311645
    Magnitude 1.5, 4.9 miles deep, 2.1 miles south-southeast of Fernley
2010/05/30 04:29:19.278 PDT 37.059 N  117.883 W   10.5    1.4  11   Update  311644
    Magnitude 1.4, 6.5 miles deep, 24.5 miles northeast of Independence
2010/05/30 02:43:11.133 PDT 37.042 N  117.891 W    5.6    2.7  22   Update  311643
    Magnitude 2.7, 3.5 miles deep, 23.3 miles northeast of Independence
Fri Jul  2 08:51:02 PDT 2010
---------- -- -- ------     --------  ---------  -----   ----- --  -------   -----
   date    Pacific Time       LAT.       LON.      DEP   Local No.
           hr mn sc         (deg.)     (deg.)      km     MAG. pha Comment   EVID

   Time of last update above.
   (List is updated at regular intervals but may or may not contain new data)

#############################################################################
-> "Prelim": Entries are PRELIMINARY and have NOT BEEN HUMAN REVIEWED <-
             Only events with Local Mag. >= 1.0 and No. pha >= 10 are posted.
-> "Update": Entries have BEEN HUMAN REVIEWED <-
             All such events are posted, regardless of magnitude or # phases.
#############################################################################
Please call (775) 784-4975 to verify any Prelim event reported here.

   Prelim entries may contain ERRORS and may be UPDATED or DELETED at any time.
   Prelim entries have up to a 50% chance of not representing any actual earthquake.
   Prelim entries with origin times within 30 seconds may represent a single event.
   "No. pha" means the number of arrival times used in locating the event and is
   an indicator of the quality of the location.

   This is a list of the previous 100 automated (or updated) locations recorded 
   by the Nevada Seismological Laboratory.  All times are Greenwich Mean Time.
   Subtract 8 hours for Pacific Standard time, and 7 hours for Pacific Daylight
   time.  Depths are in kilometers.  Magnitudes are estimated as "local magnitudes" 
   from the horizontal components of digital stations.
                                                                                
   The Nevada Seismological Lab is a member of the Council of the National
   Seismic System.


The probable earthquakes listed appear on this page (near the top) within a few minutes of their occurrence.

The Nevada Seismological Laboratory hopes to continually increase the reliability of this system. Rapid earthquake locations are also available to the public on display terminals located at the Seismological Lab next to our earthquake helicorder display.

Large earthquakes may also appear within a few minutes on the NSL Helicorder Camera.

Disclaimer: The information included in these documents is intended to improve earthquake preparedness; however, it does not guarantee the safety of an individual structure or facility. The State of Nevada does not assume liability for any injury, death, or property damage that occurs in connection with an earthquake.

Locations and magnitudes of seismic events within approximately 50 km of Yucca Mountain are preliminary information only. Please contact the Yucca Mountain Project Technical Library (URL = http://www.ymp.gov/reference) to obtain quality-assured technical data relating to seismic activity or other natural phenomena near Yucca Mountain. More disclaimers...

The NBE may show events occurring outside our monitoring network, giving them erroneous locations near the network's borders. Always check the analyst-reviewed locations on our Recent Earthquakes page. The NBE is a tool for rapid earthquake notification and response, and does not produce an accurate record of earthquake locations.


Return To NSL Homepage
Page maintained by J. Louie
Last change: 10 May 2008